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A unifying or coherent form or structure.

The style of design and method of construction of buildings and other physical structures.

The art and science of designing buildings and (some) nonbuilding structures.

A general term to describe buildings and other physical structures.

Over the years, the field of architectural construction has branched out to include everything from ship design to interior decorating. Many architects became disillusioned with modernism which they perceived as ahistorical and anti-aesthetic, and postmodern and contemporary architecture developed. Emphasis was put on modern techniques, materials, and simplified geometric forms, paving the way for high-rise superstructures. Modern architecture began after World War I as an avant-garde movement that sought to develop a completely new style appropriate for a new post-war social and economic order focused on meeting the needs of the middle and working classes. Later, the roles of architects and engineers became separated. During the Middle Ages, pan-European styles of Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals and abbeys emerged while the Renaissance favored Classical forms implemented by architects known by name. Indian and Chinese architecture influenced forms all over Asia and Buddhist architecture in particular took diverse local flavors. Ancient urban architecture was preoccupied with building religious structures and buildings symbolizing the political power of rulers until Greek and Roman architecture shifted focus to civic virtues.

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The idea of sustainable architecture was introduced in the late 20th century.Īrchitecture began as rural, oral vernacular architecture that developed from trial and error to successful replication. "Function" began to replace the classical "utility" and was understood to include not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural dimensions. In the 19th century, Louis Sullivan declared that " form follows function". Centuries later, Leon Battista Alberti developed his ideas further, seeing beauty as an objective quality of buildings to be found in their proportions. The earliest surviving text on architectural theories is the 1st century AD treatise De architectura by the Roman architect Vitruvius, according to whom a good building embodies firmitas, utilitas, and venustas (durability, utility, and beauty). Texts on architecture have been written since ancient times. For this reason, architecture is considered to be a form of art.

The practice, which began in the prehistoric era, has been used as a way of expressing culture by civilizations on all seven continents. Historical civilizations are often identified with their surviving architectural achievements. Architectural works, in the material form of buildings, are often perceived as cultural symbols and as works of art. The term comes from Latin architectura from Ancient Greek ἀρχιτέκτων ( arkhitéktōn) 'architect' from ἀρχι- ( arkhi-) 'chief', and τέκτων ( téktōn) 'creator'.

It is both the process and the product of sketching, conceiving, planning, designing, and constructing buildings or other structures. Īrchitecture is the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. In adding the dome to the Florence Cathedral ( Italy) in the early 15th century, the architect Filippo Brunelleschi not only transformed the building and the city, but also the role and status of the architect. For other uses, see Architecture (disambiguation).